atient, but careful attention is needed to integrate these services with the current health care delivery system in place and ensure quality care to the patients.Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for tumours ?5?cm is poorly studied and its utility and feasibility is uncertain. We here report the Karolinska experience of SBRT in this setting.
All patients had a gross tumour volume (GTV) ?70?cc, a prescribed physical dose of at least 40?Gy and received treatment between 1995-2012.
We included 164 patients with 175 tumours located in the thorax (?=?86), the liver (?=?27) and the abdomen (?=?62) and treated with a median prescribed dose (BED) of 80?Gy (71.4-113). One- and 2- year local control rates were 82% and 61%. In multivariate analyses, minimum dose to the GTV and histological subtype were associated with local control. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) histology showed the most favourable local control - 94% at 2?years for all histologies. Thirty-seven patients experienced grade 3-5 toxicity most likely related to SBRT. Seven of the ten patients with grade 5 toxicity, had a centrally located tumour in the thorax.
SBRT of tumours &gt;5?cm in diameter may be an option for peripherally located lung and abdominal tumours. Histological origin and tumour location should be considered before treatment.
5?cm in diameter may be an option for peripherally located lung and abdominal tumours. Histological origin and tumour location should be considered before treatment.Objective As empathy is an important predictor of both bullying and defending behavior, many anti-bullying interventions aim to increase empathy among students. However, little is known on whether these interventions enhance both affective and cognitive empathy, and whether some students are more responsive than others to empathy-raising efforts. This study examined the effects of the Finnish anti-bullying program KiVa on changes in self-reported affective and cognitive empathy and tested whether these effects varied depending on students' gender, initial levels of empathy, peer-reported bullying, and peer-perceived popularity, as well as school type (primary versus secondary school) and classroom bullying norms.Method Multilevel structural equation modeling analyses were conducted on pretest and posttest (1 year later) data from a sample of 15,403 children and adolescents (Mage = 13.4; 51.5% girls) in 399 control and 462 intervention classrooms from 140 schools participating in the evaluation of KiVa in 2007-2009.Results KiVa had a positive effect on affective empathy, but not cognitive empathy. The effects of the program on both types of empathy did not depend on students' gender, initial levels of empathy, bullying, or popularity, nor on school type or classroom bullying norms.Conclusion Findings suggest that KiVa can raise students' affective empathy regardless of students' gender, status, initial empathy, or levels of bullying, and regardless of school type or classroom bullying norms.Background The relaxation of telemedicine (TM) restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic accelerated adoption of this technology by many orthopedic practices. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/bezafibrate.html The purpose of this study was to examine the demographics of the orthopedic patients who utilized TM visits during the COVID-19 pandemic to identify opportunities to improve access. Methods All patients who underwent orthopedic TM visits at one urban academic medical center between January and April 2020 were included. Demographic data including primary zip code, primary language, and visit type were collected. The demographics of the TM cohort were compared with those of patients seen in the outpatient (OP) setting at the same institution the prior year as well as with patients in the metropolitan area (M). Results Five thousand thirty-five TM visits met the inclusion criteria. The TM cohort was significantly younger than the OP cohort, with mean age of 48.7?±?19.0 years for TM and 55.2?±?18.0 years for OP, and with 22% of TM being 65 or older versus 35% of OP being 65 or older (p?=?0.001). The TM cohort had a lower percentage of minority patients (41.3%) than the OP cohort (48.2%). The TM cohort had a significantly lower percentage of black 12.9% versus 14.1%, Asian. 5.1% versus 5.8%, and Spanish/Hispanic 1.9% versus 15.4%, than the M and the OP cohort from the prior year (p less then 0.026, p less then 0.001, p less then 0.001). For socioeconomic status, only 13.8% of TM patients were from ZIP codes with median household incomes less then 50k. A total of 96.2% of TM visits were performed in English, where only 61% of individuals in the metropolitan area report English as their primary language. Conclusions As the largest analysis of the use of TM in orthopedics, this study highlights both the future potential of TM and areas of improvement to ensure better access to care for all patient populations. Maintenance of the provisions to allow audio-only visits to be considered TM and billed as such is one important measure.The simultaneous discovery in 1970 of reverse transcriptase in virions of retroviruses by Howard Temin and David Baltimore was perhaps the most dramatic scientific moment of the second half of the 20th century. Ten years previously, Temin's observation of cells transformed by Rous Sarcoma virus led him to the conclusion that retroviruses replicate through a DNA intermediate he called the provirus. This heretical hypothesis was greeted with derision by fellow scientists; Temin and Baltimore performed a simple experiment, rapidly reproduced, and convincing to all. Its result was a major paradigm shift-reversal of the central dogma of molecular biology. It immediately grabbed the attention of both the scientific and lay press. It also came at a key time for cancer research, at the start of the "War on Cancer." As a theoretical base and fundamental molecular tool, it enabled a decade of (largely fruitless) search for human oncogenic retroviruses but laid the foundation for the discovery of HIV 13 years later, leading to the development of effective therapy. I had the good fortune, as a student in Temin's lab, to witness these events. I am honored to be able to share my recollection on the occasion of their 50th anniversary.